Excellent short introduction on the city of Bologna, Italy, and why its history lends itself very well to a culture of co-ops. Over the last few decades, it’s been in the habit of various instances there to have the city act as both a “top-down catalytic developer” and as “backers of bottom-up grassroots movements,” combining the two approaches and cultivating complementary initiatives, which results in stronger partnerships that strengthen the local ecosystem.

In the field of pastry, there are different flavours of doughnuts, in the field of economics, it seems there are various sizes of doughnuts. The original idea was for planetary and country-sized circles, “the goal of the Doughnut is to meet the needs of all people within the means of the living planet, but what does this mean for the neighbourhoods, cities, districts or nations where we live?” Last year we looked at how Amsterdam is circling, how cities, in general, can do it, and at doughnut reading clubs.

Whether it’s an economic downturn, the pandemic, or mounting climate-related disasters, it’s becoming ever clearer that marginalized communities suffer a larger part of the impacts and need to be centered in any recovery discussions. In Vancouver over 2020, a number of projects and organizations did just that, aligning circular economy and inclusion.